Relays have been used as switches since before the transistor was invented. The ability to safely control high-voltage systems from lower-voltage signals, as is the case in isolation resistance monitoring, is necessary for the development of many automotive systems. While the technology of electromechanical relays and contactors has improved over the years, it is still challenging for designers to achieve their goals of lifetime reliability and fast switching speeds, along with low noise, shock vibration and power consumption.
Solid-state relays (SSRs) exhibit performance and cost benefits and are rated for different levels of isolation, whether basic or reinforced. SSRs also possess advantages over alternative technologies such as electromechanical relays and solid-state photorelays.
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Traditional relay switching solutions
Electromechanical relays (EMRs) are common in high-voltage switching applications. EMRs employ the use of electromagnetic forces to mechanically switch contacts on and off. Given their mechanical nature, EMRs feature an incredibly low on-resistance; their contacts are essentially a metal-to-metal connection.
EMRs do have trade-offs when it comes to switching speeds and reliability. Moving parts inside the relay are a limiting factor, and switching speed is typically in the 5- to 15-ms range. Over time and with use, an EMR can experience failures such as arching, chattering and welding shut.
Unlike EMRs, photorelays have no moving parts and provide a high isolation voltage. Photorelays are an improvement over traditional EMRs; however, they also have design considerations such as limitations on the achievable power transfer as well as deterioration of the internal LED. Additionally, photorelays need an external current-limiting resistor and often use additional field-effect transistors (FETs) to manage the LED’s on or off state.
Higher-reliability isolation using SSRs
Solid-state relays from TI are available as switches (with integrated FETs) or drivers for controlling external FETs. Whether leveraging capacitive or magnetic isolation, TI’s isolated SSR portfolio can enable a design with basic or reinforced levels of isolation. TI’s TPSI2140-Q1 isolated switch and TPSI3050-Q1 isolated driver feature higher reliability and longevity compared to EMRs, since they do not experience mechanical deterioration over time. SSRs thus enable a 10 times higher lifetime reliability than traditional EMRs. TI’s SSRs can also switch in the microsecond range, orders of magnitude faster than EMRs.
Since the TPSI3050-Q1 and TPSI2140-Q1 integrate power and signal transfer across a single isolation barrier, no secondary bias supply is necessary, making it possible to achieve a small solution size. Figure 1 illustrates the use of the TPSI2140-Q1 isolated switch in a high-voltage system, eliminating external components such as a bias supply and external control circuits.
Figure 1: The TPSI2140-Q1 isolated switch reduces solution size in high-voltage systems
Solid-state relays such as the TPSI2140-Q1 and TPSI3050-Q1 also offer advantages over traditional photorelays and optocouplers. TI devices such as the TPSI2140-Q1 and TPSI3050-Q1 achieve better reliability over photorelays because there is no LED degradation. No external control circuits are necessary because the logic-level input can drive the system directly. Table 1 qualitatively compares these isolated switching technologies.
Electromechanical relay | Photorelay or optical relay | TI solid-state relays | |
Insulation material | Air or epoxy | Epoxy or polyimide | Polyimide or silicon dioxide |
Dielectric strength (1 s) | ≅1 VRMS/µm ≅20 VRMS/µm | ≅20 VRMS/µm ≅300 VRMS/µm | ≅300 VRMS/µm ≅500 VRMS/µm |
Advantages | Low resistance | Low electromagnetic interference (EMI) emissions | High speed (µs) Low power |
Disadvantages | Slow speed (ms) mechanical wear, vibration/magnetic immunity | Photodegradation and partial discharge | Must design to limit EMI |
Operating ambient temperature | –40°C to 85°C | –40°C to 85°C | –40°C to 125°C |
Cost | $$$ | $ | $ |
Table 1: Comparing existing switching solutions
Conclusion
TI’s solid-state relays provide the highest dielectric strength at the fastest speed, highest operating temperature and lowest system cost. They also enable more reliable switching in a smaller package. Learn more about how we can help you simplify your design with our isolated switches and drivers in the additional resources below.
Additional resources
- View our introduction to isolation trainings in our TI Precision Labs training series.
- Read our application notes:
- Evaluate the products with the TPSI3050Q1EVM and TPSI2140Q1EVM evaluation modules.